Nail polish (also known as nail varnish or nail amel) is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernail or toails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formula has be revised repeatedly to hance its decorative properties and to suppress cracking or peeling. Nail polish consists of a mix of an organic polymer and several other componts that give it colors and textures.
During the Ming dynasty, nail polish was oft made from a mixture that included beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic.
In Europe, Frederick S. N. Douglas, while travelling in Greece in 1810–12, noticed that the Greek wom used to paint their nails "dingy pink", which he understood as an ancit custom.
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It was more common to polish nails with tinted powders and creams, finishing off by buffing the nail until left shiny. One type of polishing product sold around this time was Graf's Hyglo nail polish paste.
Modern nail polish consists predominately of a film-forming polymer dissolved in a volatile organic solvt. The most common polymer is nitrocellulose, although the more expsive cellulose acetates such as CAB are claimed to give better performance. In gel nail varnish the polymer is usually some sort of acrylate copolymer. The solvts are commonly butyl acetate or ethyl acetate. Low levels of various additives are included to give the desired finish:
This type of nail polish is a clear, milky-colored, or opaque pink polish formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail.
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Its function is to strgth nails, restore moisture to the nail, and help polish adhere to the nail. It prevts staining and extds the lifespan of the manicure.
Some base coats are marketed as "ridge fillers", and can create a smooth surface, de-emphasizing the ridges that can appear on unbuffed nails. Some base coats, called "peel off base coats", allow the user to peel off their nail polish without using a remover.
This type of nail polish is a clear colored polish formula that is used specifically after applying nail polish to the nail. It forms a harded barrier for the nail that can prevt chipping, scratching and peeling. Many topcoats are marketed as "quick-drying." Topcoats can help the underlying colored polish dry quickly as well. It gives the polish a more finished and desired look and may help to keep the polish on longer.
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Gel polish is a long-lasting variety of nail polish made up of a type of methacrylate polymer. It is painted on the nail similar to traditional nail polish, but does not dry. Instead it is cured under an ultraviolet lamp or ultraviolet LED. While regular nail polish formulas typically last two to sev days without chipping, gel polish can last as long as two weeks with proper application and home care. Gel polish can be more difficult to remove than regular nail polish. It is usually removed by soaking the nails in pure acetone (the solvt used in most nail polish removers) for five to fifte minutes, depding on the formula.
Traditionally, nail polish started in clear, white, red, pink, purple, and black. Nail polish can be found in a diverse variety of colors and shades. Beyond solid colors, nail polish has also developed an array of other designs, such as crackled, glitter, flake, speckled, iridesct, and holographic. Rhinestones or other decorative art are also oft applied to nail polish. Some polish is advertised to induce nail growth, make nails stronger, prevt nails from breaking, cracking, or splitting, and ev to stop nail biting.
Frch manicures are designed to resemble natural nails, and are characterized by natural pink base nails with white tips. Frch manicures were one of the first popular and well-known color schemes. Frch manicures may have originated in the eighteth-ctury in Paris but were most popular in the 1920s and 1930s. However, the traditional Frch manicures were much differt from what we know today. They were gerally red, while leaving a round cresct shape at the area near the cuticle blank to hance the lunula of the nail, known now as a half-moon manicure.
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With the modern Frch manicure, trds involving painting differt colors for the tips of the nails instead of the white. Frch tip nails can be made with stickers and stcils. It is still typically done by hand through painting with polish or gel, or sculptured with acrylic.
Social media has giv rise to a nail art culture that allows users to share pictures of their nail art. Wom's Wear Daily reports nail polish sales hit a record US$768 million in the United States in 2012, a 32% gain over 2011.
Several new polishes and related products came on to the market in the second decade of the twty-first ctury as part of the explosion of nail art, such as nail stickers (either made of nail polish or plastic), stcils, magnetic nail polish,
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Nail ps, glitter and sequin topcoats, nail caviar (micro beads), nail polish marketed for m, scted nail polish, and color changing nail polish (some which change hue wh exposed to sunshine, and ranges which change hue in response to heat).
Nail polish in the Western world was more frequtly worn by wom, going in and out of acceptability depding upon moral customs of the day. In Victorian era culture it was gerally considered improper for wom to adorn themselves with either makeup or nail coloring, since natural appearances were considered more chaste and pure. In the 1920s, however, wom began to wear color in new makeups and nail products, partly in rebellion to such prim customs of their rect past.
Since the 1920s, nail colors progressed from Frch manicures and standard reds to various palettes of color choices, usually coordinated with the fashion industry's clothing colors for the season. By the 1940s the whole nail was painted; before that, it was fashionable to leave the tips and a half-moon on the nail bed bare.
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Nail polish remover is an organic solvt that may also include oils, scts, and coloring. Nail polish remover packages may include individual felt pads soaked in remover, a bottle of liquid remover used with a cotton ball or cotton pad, or a foam-filled container into which one inserts a finger and twists it until the polish comes off. The choice of remover type depds on the user's preferce, and oft the price or quality of the remover.
An alternative nail polish remover is ethyl acetate, which oft also contains isopropyl alcohol. Ethyl acetate is usually the original solvt for nail polish itself.
Acetonitrile has be used as a nail polish remover, but it is more toxic than the aforemtioned options. It has be banned in the European Economic Area for use in cosmetics since 17 March 2000.
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The health risks associated with nail polish are disputed. According to the U.S. Departmt of Health and Human Services, "The amount of chemicals used in animal studies is probably a couple of hundred times higher than what you would be exposed to from using nail polish every week or so. So the chances of any individual phthalate producing such harm [in humans] is very slim."
A more serious health risk is faced by professional nail technicians, who perform manicures over a workstation, known as a nail table, on which the clit's hands rest – directly below the technician's breathing zone. In 2009, Susan Reutman, an epidemiologist with the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Division of Applied Research and Technology, announced a federal effort to evaluate the effectivess of downdraft vted nail tables (VNTs) in removing pottial nail polish chemical and dust exposures from the technician's work area.
Many nail technicians will oft wear masks to cover their mouth and nose from inhaling any of the harsh dust or chemicals from the nail products.
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According to Reutman, a growing body of scitific literature suggests that some inhaled and absorbed organic solvts found in nail salons such as glycol ethers and carbon disulfide may have adverse effects on reproductive health. These effects may including birth defects, low birth weight, miscarriage, and preterm birth.
Which are implicated as docrine disruptors and linked to problems in the docrine system and increased risk of diabetes. Manufacturers have be pressured by consumer groups to reduce or to eliminate pottially-toxic ingredits,
There are no universal consumer safety standards for nail polish, however, and while formaldehyde has be eliminated from some nail polish brands, others still use it.
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The U.S. city of San Francisco acted a city ordinance, publicly idtifying establishmts that use nail polishes free of the "toxic trio" of dibutyl phthalate, tolue, and formaldehyde.
The "toxic trio" are currtly being phased out, but there are still componts of nail polish that could cause vironmtal concern. Leaking out of the bottle into the soil could cause contamination in ground water.
Chromium(III) oxide gre and Prussian blue are common in nail polish and have shown evidce of going through chemical degradation, which could have a detrimtal effect on health.I initially got into nail art in high school. As a kid my mom would take me with her when she got her nails done and I
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